6/30/2023 0 Comments Scottsdale mint redditOther molecular mechanisms by which amphetamine mediates monoamine release have also been implicated. These actions further promote cytoplasmic accumulation of monoamines, which can then be transported into the synapse. Amphetamine also disrupts vesicular storage of dopamine, allowing it to accumulate in the cytoplasm, and inhibits the degradative enzymes monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A, MAO-B). Amphetamine blocks the ability of DAT to clear the neurotransmitter from the synapse and facilitates reverse movement of dopamine across the cell membrane (i.e., cytoplasmic dopamine is transported into the synapse and extracellular space). Although amphetamine binds to all monoamine transporters, its behavioral stimulant effects are mediated primarily through dopamine and depend on the dopamine transporter (DAT) 7. For 110 years, amphetamine was thought to be a human invention, but the compound was found in 1997, along with methamphetamine, nicotine and mescaline, within two species of Texas acacia bushes 3, 4.Īmphetamine is one of the most potent sympathomimetic drugs, producing its effects by increasing synaptic levels of the biogenic amines, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, through multiple mechanisms 5, 6. It was the first of several chemicals, including methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine, which have similar structures and biological properties, and are referred to collectively as “amphetamines” 2. Finally, identification of the biological factors that confer risk and those that offer protection are also needed to better specify the parameters of safe, long-term, therapeutic administration of amphetamines to adults.Īmphetamine was initially synthesized in Berlin in 1887 as 1-methyl-2-phenethylamine. Assessments of central toxicity and adverse psychological effects during late adulthood and senescence of adults who receive prolonged courses of amphetamine treatment are warranted. Overall, there is concern about risk for slowed growth in young patients who are dosed continuously, and for substance abuse in patients first medicated in late adolescence or adulthood.Īlthough most adult patients also use amphetamines effectively and safely, occasional case reports indicate that prescription use can produce marked psychological adverse events, including stimulant-induced psychosis. Although early treatment does not increase risk for substance abuse, few studies have tracked the compliance and usage profiles of individuals who began amphetamine treatment as adults. Because the number of prescriptions for amphetamines has increased several-fold over the past decade, an amphetamine-containing formulation is the most commonly prescribed stimulant in North America, and it is noteworthy that amphetamines are also the most abused prescription medications. Early amphetamine treatment has been linked to slowing in height and weight growth in some children. Despite information on the effects of stimulants in laboratory animals, profound species differences in susceptibility to stimulant-induced neurotoxicity underscore the need for systematic studies of prolonged human exposure.
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